A new strain of avian influenza (HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b), recently led to widespread mortality among bird populations, particularly affecting kleptoparasitic seabirds like skuas, frigatebirds, and gulls.
What is Kleptoparasitism in Seabirds?
- Kleptoparasitism refers to the behavior where one species steals food that another has caught.
- This tactic is commonly seen in larger seabirds that harass smaller ones until they regurgitate their catch.
- While these birds can hunt, kleptoparasitism is less energy-intensive, allowing them to exploit the efforts of others effectively.
- Instead of hunting for their own food, they use intimidation and aggressive behavior to obtain meals from other birds, particularly those returning to their nests with fish or squid.
- Kleptoparasitic seabirds play an important role in marine ecosystems by influencing prey dynamics and the foraging behaviors of other seabirds.
- Examples:
- Frigatebirds are known for their aggressive tactics, often harassing terns and other seabirds.
- Skuas frequently steal food from gulls and gannets, using their size and strength to intimidate them.
Risks from Avian Influenza
- The HPAI H5N1 strain of avian influenza resulted in the deaths of approximately 280 million wild birds globally.
- Notably, it killed about half of the world’s great skua population during the summer of 2022.
- When a kleptoparasitic bird steals food from an infected bird, it may consume contaminated saliva, increasing the likelihood of infection.
- Although the virus has spread widely, it has not yet reached parts of Australia, New Zealand, or certain regions in Antarctica, presenting an opportunity for monitoring and prevention.
- Species like skuas and frigatebirds travel vast distances, which could facilitate the virus’s introduction to new breeding sites, especially during migration.
Vulnerability of Seabird Populations
- Nearly half of all seabird species are currently threatened, with 155 classified as near threatened or critically endangered. Factors contributing to this decline include:
- Invasive Species: Predators such as rats and mice pose risks to eggs and chicks.
- Fishing Practices: Bycatch from fishing operations results in significant seabird fatalities.
- Climate Change: Alters habitats and food availability, complicating survival.
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Frequently Asked Question:
What is kleptoparasitism?
Kleptoparasitism is a behavior where one species steals food that another has caught. This is commonly seen in larger seabirds that harass smaller ones until they regurgitate or drop their prey.
Which seabirds exhibit kleptoparasitism?
Larger seabirds like frigatebirds, skuas, and gulls are known for kleptoparasitic behavior. They often target smaller birds, such as terns and gannets.
Why do seabirds engage in kleptoparasitism?
Kleptoparasitism is less energy-intensive than hunting, allowing these birds to exploit the efforts of others. It helps them secure food without the energy expenditure of foraging.